Genetic Engineering :: Bioengineering Essays

Bioengineering, or genetic engineering is an altering of genes in a incidentspecies for a particular outcome. It involves taking genes from their normallocation in one existence and either transferring them elsewhere or putting themback into the original organism in different combinations. Most biomoleculesexist in low concentrations and as complex, mixed populations which it is notpossible to work efficiently. This problem was solved in 1970 use a bug,Escherichia coli, a normally innocuous commensal occupant of the human gut. Byinserting a piece of DNA of interest into a vector molecule, a molecule with abacterial origin of replication, when the whole recombinant construction isintroduced into a bacterial colonies all derived from a single original cellbearing the recombinant vector, in a short time a large amount of DNA ofinterest is produced. This can be purified from contaminating bacterial DNAeasily and the resulting output is said to have been "cloned".So far, scien tists have used genetic engineering to produce, for example -improve vaccines against animal diseases such as footrot and pig scours - refinedhuman products such as insulin, and human growth hormone in commercialquantities - existing antibiotics by more economical methods - new kinds ofantibiotics not other available - plants with resistance to some pesticides,insects and diseases - plants with improved nutritional qualities to enhancelivestock productivity.Methods- Manipulation of the Gene pool, which is related to Hybridization which is thebreeding of species but the species are not the same but they are related.- Chain reaction is the production of many identical copies of a particular DNAfragment.- The utility of cloning is important, it provides the ability to hold back thegenetic organization of particular regions or whole genome. However, it alsofacilitates the production of naturally-occurring and artificially-modifiedbiological products by the expression of cloned genes. - Insertion of selectablemarker genes to pick out recombinant molecules containing impertinent inserts -

Cambridge :: essays research papers

England is famous for its educational institutes. It has some of the most famous universities of the world alike(p) Oxford, Cambridge and London universities. The city of Cambridge is in the county of Cambridgeshire and is famous because it is the kinfolk of Cambridge University, cardinal of the oldest and most prestigious universities of the world.The Cambridge City occupies an area of 16 square miles. It is 50 miles north of London and stands on the East Bank of the River Cam, and was originally a place where the river was crossed. Other than being the home of Cambridge University, Cambridge City itself is a very lively city. It provides a lot of entertainment such as Ballet, Opera, Drama, Music, and Film. The river is use broadly for pleasure of boating and punting. The Fitzwilliam Museum, the University Museum of Archaeology, and the University Museum of the Zoology are among the best of all museums in Europe.Foundation of Cambridge The foundation of Cambridge goes back to 1 1th century when Normans strengthened a castle at River Cam. During Romans time, a small town situated just north of river in the Castle Hill area. The town was called Granata. Later on during the Saxon period, it was cognise as Grantabridge, which means Swampy River Bridge. The name later became Cantabridge and then by 14th century, Cambridge.Foundation of the University Of CambridgeThe University of Cambridge was establish by religious groups like Franciscans and Dominicans in the early 12th century students from the Oxford University and Paris University left to study in Cambridge in the 13th century. The origin of the college is trace to the association of the students, distinctive nisus of religious affiliated groups, who began to reside in independent hostels, or halls. Later on some tension developed between the town people and students known as town and gown conflict. This conflict led to the establishment of the first college, Peterhouse in 1284 by Bishop of Ely. In 1318 , Pope John XXII issued a dogshit recognizing Cambridge as a Stadium Generale, or a place of study that is a University.The University Of Cambridge From Past To PresentThe university was basically established to study for religious purposes. It was one of the important centers of Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Some of the famous religious reformers like William Tyndale, Hugh Latimer and Thomas Cranmer were graduates of Cambridge.

History Of Football Essay -- Sports Football Essays History

History Of Football Sometime around 1050, Englishmen dug up a skull of a dane and started to kick it around in frustration toward the dane. It became known as Kicking the danes head .The skull began to hurt the boys feet, so a boy came up with the idea of using an inflated cow bladder to help their feet(Tuttle, 13).In 1189, King Henry banned the game, because people were as well involved in the game to practice archery and fighting for war(Tuttle, 13). During the 1500s the game shifted to Ireland where people invented the Irish rules that made the game tougher. As the game progressed it turned into soccer and rugby(Tuttle, 14).On November 6, 1869, Princeton and Rutgers played the first college soccer game(Tuttle, 14). During the spring of 1871 a group of people at Harvard University made a game called the Boston Game, which was alike to rugby rules(Tuttle, 14).On May 15, 1874, Harvard played McGill University, which was from Montreal. They played with an egg-shaped ball instead of a round ball(Tuttle, 14). They played with 11 men instead of 15, because 4 could not make the game.In 1880, Walter Camp, Yales rugby captain, created the line of scrimmage and other modern football game attributes to improve the game because it was too low make headway (Tuttle, 13). He also changed the scoring system to safety-1 point, touchdown-2, Point after touchdown-4, and a field goal-3. He then changed the yards kneeded to gain a first down to 5 and used 3 downs(Tuttle, 16). Later coaches changed Camps rules to rules we use now.In 1919 the American superior Football Association was made in Canton, Ohio(Treat, 23). It started out with 5 teams (Akron, Canton, Columbus, Dayton, and Rochester) (Treat, 23).It cost xxv dollars to open a franchise(Treat, 23). The Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers joined the League in 1921 to make one of footballs greatest rivalries. The American Professional Football Association changed its name to the National Football League (NFL) in 1922(Tutt le, 61). By 1923, there were 20 teams in the NFL(Treat, 34). During the 1920s, mostly due to the depression, the NFL began to drop to entirely 12 teams(Treat, 35).In order to make the scoring increase, the NFL made it legal to throw a forward pass in 1933(Encarta). The defense rushing the play made it difficult to complete passes... ...ta), where it stopped, but started back up again in 1999.In 1992 the National Football League started making major changes toward the future. It created complete Agency, because of a lawsuit(Encarta). Free Agency allows players freedom to move around from teams after their contract. The NFL also invented the Salary Cap, which allowed NFL teams only a certain amount of money to lead on players contracts(Encarta). Both Free Agency and the Salary Cap have made it easier for teams to have the same amount of talent, and have made tremendous strides into footballs future.The demand for football has become so popular, that during televised games compani es will pay millions of dollars for thirty seconds of commercial advertisement space.Stadiums now hold tens of thousands of people. At the University of Michigan, their stadium seating more than 100,000 people. Stadiums are now built with retractable roofs and instant replay at each seat.Several indoor football leagues have started all everyplace the country, where they play with walls and 50 yards. The owner of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) is expected to open a tough football league in 2001 called the XFL.

Stem Cell Research Essay -- Argumentative Science Scientific Essays

Stem electric cell ResearchImagine a world where every day scientists create human beings, cultivate them for a week, and then revoke them. This scenario sounds vaguely familiar to the creation of Frankenstein in Mary Shelleys book Frankenstein. The difference between the creation of Frankenstein and the creation of human beings is that the latter has already sound true as scientist are creating and destroying embryos. Scientist today even in the United States are creating human embryos and then destroying them when performing stem mobile phone research, but the administration does not fund these scientists. Now think of a loved one pain from Alzheimers disease or paralysis. Would you deny them a life without suffering if the cure for the disease could be obtained by performing research on an aborted fetus already destined for destruction? It is my belief that scientists should be able to do stem cell research within carefully defined moral parameters because this research is so promising to cure so many diseases and teach us so much about how our bodies work. However, embryos destined for destruction should be used for stem cell research rather than created embryos because there are several thousands of embryos that provide be destroyed so it is not necessary to create more embryos and destroy them.Stem cell research remains highly promising in that Animal research suggests stem cells may some day provide a way to repair or replace diseased tissues and organs and it holds extensive possibilities for cures of diseases such as Alzheimers, paralysis, Parkinsons disease, and diabetes (The Lancet par. 1). These are diseases for which scientists have been searching for cures unsuccessfully for several decades. Adults who were pa... ...ve that the government should fund tightly regulated stem cell research. It is completely unnecessary for scientists to create embryos to merely destroy however, I fail to see the problem in using embryos destine for destruction for a great good. These embryos have already be robbed of their life, so by being used for research they provide others with the blessing of a wonderful and healthy life. By federally funding research done on embryos, the society will not be continuing in the way of the complete degradation of society. The American multitude will benefit through the improvement of their health and the vast knowledge that they will acquire about their bodies and the way they work. Works Cited 1.Miller, John J. Hard Cell The Push To Experiment On Human Embryos. The National Review. April 5, 1999. 5. Online. Infotrac Expanded Academic.

Reputation Management :: Visibility, Transparency, Responsiveness

The research suggests that composition comes from relationships and trust. Fombrun (1996) verbalise that to have a positive news report managers must invest in building and maintaining good relationships. Building relationships with the companys commons can result in a higher opinion of their reputation. These relationships in addition builds trust in the company. Trust, like reputation, can take years and resources to build up, and while it may be rough to break, it, again, like reputation, can take vast time and even more resources to restore (Bronn, 2010, pg. 310). With both relationships and trust, a company must be communicating with its publics. avant-garde Riel and Fombrun (2007) developed six key communication theory principles that yield a high reputation visibility, distinctiveness, authenticity, transparency, consistency and responsiveness (pg. 313). Applying these six principles to the genus Circus case, we can determine if pleasure ground use them in managing their reputation. Visibility deals with the public and market prominence of the organisation or how much people know around the organization (pg 313). During this crisis, bazaar used social media to keep people updated about what was happening at sea. Before this instance, fair was a common name in the cruise industry. According to the funfair website (www.carnival.com) Carnival is apart of the Worlds Leading Cruise Lines alliance. Coombs (2010) said that, a strong reputation prior to a crisis is an asset to organizations during the crisis (pg. 478). Having this positive reputation before hand should help Carnival in the end with customers. Distinctiveness are the characteristics that set an organization apart from others. These characteristics can be its logo, guide word and trademarks (pg. 314). Carnival has all three, a distinct logo, slogan Fun for All. All for Fun. and trademarks on the names of ships, Splendor, Freedom and Liberty to name a few of the 23 different ships (www.carnival.com). Authenticity helps make an organization real, genuine, accurate, reliable and trustworthy (pg. 314). By using social media and addressing the crisis head on, the company appears trustworthy to people. Carnival took responsibility for the hazard and tried to solve it as lovesome as possible. The CEO of Carnival also made a public apology to those on the ship and to Carnival customers. Next, transparency is how much information and access stakeholders have about an organization (pg. 314). The Carnival Cruise Director John Heald went to his blog to offer updates and on-broad accounts to consumers and the press.Reputation Management Visibility, Transparency, Responsiveness The research suggests that reputation comes from relationships and trust. Fombrun (1996) stated that to have a positive reputation managers must invest in building and maintaining good relationships. Building relationships with the companys publics can result in a higher opinion of their rep utation. These relationships also builds trust in the company. Trust, like reputation, can take years and resources to build up, and while it may be difficult to break, it, again, like reputation, can take considerable time and even more resources to restore (Bronn, 2010, pg. 310). With both relationships and trust, a company must be communicating with its publics. Van Riel and Fombrun (2007) developed six key communications principles that yield a high reputation visibility, distinctiveness, authenticity, transparency, consistency and responsiveness (pg. 313). Applying these six principles to the Carnival case, we can determine if Carnival used them in managing their reputation. Visibility deals with the public and market prominence of the organization or how much people know about the organization (pg 313). During this crisis, Carnival used social media to keep people updated about what was happening at sea. Before this instance, Carnival was a common name in the cruise industry. According to the Carnival website (www.carnival.com) Carnival is apart of the Worlds Leading Cruise Lines alliance. Coombs (2010) said that, a strong reputation prior to a crisis is an asset to organizations during the crisis (pg. 478). Having this positive reputation before hand should help Carnival in the end with customers. Distinctiveness are the characteristics that set an organization apart from others. These characteristics can be its logo, slogan and trademarks (pg. 314). Carnival has all three, a distinct logo, slogan Fun for All. All for Fun. and trademarks on the names of ships, Splendor, Freedom and Liberty to name a few of the 23 different ships (www.carnival.com). Authenticity helps make an organization real, genuine, accurate, reliable and trustworthy (pg. 314). By using social media and addressing the crisis head on, the company appears trustworthy to people. Carnival took responsibility for the accident and tried to solve it as quick as possible. The CEO of Carnival also made a public apology to those on the ship and to Carnival customers. Next, transparency is how much information and access stakeholders have about an organization (pg. 314). The Carnival Cruise Director John Heald went to his blog to offer updates and on-broad accounts to consumers and the press.

Reputation Management :: Visibility, Transparency, Responsiveness

The research suggests that reputation comes from relationships and trust. Fombrun (1996) stated that to have a controlling reputation managers must invest in building and maintaining good relationships. Building relationships with the companys publics can result in a full(prenominal)er judgment of their reputation. These relationships also builds trust in the company. Trust, uniform reputation, can conduce years and resources to build up, and while it may be difficult to break, it, again, like reputation, can take considerable time and even much resources to restore (Bronn, 2010, pg. 310). With both relationships and trust, a company must be communicating with its publics. Van Riel and Fombrun (2007) developed six constitute communications principles that yield a high reputation visibility, unequivocaliveness, authenticity, transparency, consistency and responsiveness (pg. 313). Applying these six principles to the amusement park case, we can determine if Carnival used them in managing their reputation. visibility deals with the public and market prominence of the shaping or how much people know about the geological formation (pg 313). During this crisis, Carnival used social media to keep people updated about what was happening at sea. beforehand this instance, Carnival was a common name in the cruise industry. According to the Carnival website (www.carnival.com) Carnival is apart of the arenas Leading Cruise Lines alliance. Coombs (2010) state that, a strong reputation prior to a crisis is an asset to organizations during the crisis (pg. 478). Having this positive reputation before hand should divine service Carnival in the end with customers. curiosity are the characteristics that set an organization apart from others. These characteristics can be its logo, slogan and trademarks (pg. 314). Carnival has all three, a distinct logo, slogan Fun for All. All for Fun. and trademarks on the names of ships, Splendor, Freedom and Liberty to name a fe w of the 23 different ships (www.carnival.com). Authenticity helps dumbfound an organization real, genuine, accurate, reliable and trustworthy (pg. 314). By using social media and addressing the crisis head on, the company appears trustworthy to people. Carnival took responsibility for the accident and tried to solve it as quick as possible. The CEO of Carnival also made a public apology to those on the ship and to Carnival customers. Next, transparency is how much cultivation and access stakeholders have about an organization (pg. 314). The Carnival Cruise Director John Heald went to his blog to offer updates and on-broad accounts to consumers and the press.Reputation Management Visibility, Transparency, Responsiveness The research suggests that reputation comes from relationships and trust. Fombrun (1996) stated that to have a positive reputation managers must invest in building and maintaining good relationships. Building relationships with the companys publics can result i n a higher opinion of their reputation. These relationships also builds trust in the company. Trust, like reputation, can take years and resources to build up, and while it may be difficult to break, it, again, like reputation, can take considerable time and even more resources to restore (Bronn, 2010, pg. 310). With both relationships and trust, a company must be communicating with its publics. Van Riel and Fombrun (2007) developed six key communications principles that yield a high reputation visibility, distinctiveness, authenticity, transparency, consistency and responsiveness (pg. 313). Applying these six principles to the Carnival case, we can determine if Carnival used them in managing their reputation. Visibility deals with the public and market prominence of the organization or how much people know about the organization (pg 313). During this crisis, Carnival used social media to keep people updated about what was happening at sea. Before this instance, Carnival was a commo n name in the cruise industry. According to the Carnival website (www.carnival.com) Carnival is apart of the Worlds Leading Cruise Lines alliance. Coombs (2010) said that, a strong reputation prior to a crisis is an asset to organizations during the crisis (pg. 478). Having this positive reputation before hand should help Carnival in the end with customers. Distinctiveness are the characteristics that set an organization apart from others. These characteristics can be its logo, slogan and trademarks (pg. 314). Carnival has all three, a distinct logo, slogan Fun for All. All for Fun. and trademarks on the names of ships, Splendor, Freedom and Liberty to name a few of the 23 different ships (www.carnival.com). Authenticity helps make an organization real, genuine, accurate, reliable and trustworthy (pg. 314). By using social media and addressing the crisis head on, the company appears trustworthy to people. Carnival took responsibility for the accident and tried to solve it as quick a s possible. The CEO of Carnival also made a public apology to those on the ship and to Carnival customers. Next, transparency is how much information and access stakeholders have about an organization (pg. 314). The Carnival Cruise Director John Heald went to his blog to offer updates and on-broad accounts to consumers and the press.

Assessment Methods 3

Assessment Methods Assessment is the means of obtaining information or can be defined as a method of evaluating run intoing (The starting point for this is the curriculum along with the parade of learning and educational activity). This religious services to know when a concept is mum or not, whether you have re-teach a topic or can move on, allowing teachers, pupils, and parents to farm judgments ab place the pupil progression. (Wilson 2009) When choosing appraisal items, it is useful to guidance on the flying task of assessing student learning in that particular unit of study.The primary goal is to choose a method, which effectively assesses the objectives of the unit. Choice of perspicacity methods should be reorient with the overall aims of the program, and may include the development of disciplinary skills (such as critical evaluation or problem solving) and support the development of competencies (such as particular communion or team skills. ) (Wilson 2009) When con sidering assessment methods, it is particularly useful to think first about what qualities or abilities you are seeking to engender in the learners.It is also crucial not to seem discriminating in any bearing and supportive to any learners who may have additional involve, giving the best opportunity to discuss their ability in respect to the course. There are wide ranges of assessment methods used to measure learning some I will touch briefly, deuce of these methods would be used for my subject area, which I will elaborate on. Assessment methods can be moldable the purpose is to indicate the effectiveness of teaching and learning. fictile assessment and the way it is used, is crucial to effective learning and teaching.It can identify areas of learning forgotten or misunderstood by the pupil, reveal unsuspected acquaintance of skills, identify possible barriers and provide information on relevance, pace and interest of teaching for a learning congregation. Diagnostic to i ndicate strengths and weaknesses of the learner Summative for arranging and reporting purposes at the end of the curriculum Informal on-going for teacher and pupil information Self and peer assessment Verbal/oral- questions are asked in efforts to uphold depth of knowledge and are useful assessment tool to complement observation in order to check understanding. Observation this is used in practicable situation when a learner demonstrates their competence or natural ability while being observed by the assessor. You can also observe group work, encouraging Simulation this is similar to observation, but uses a simulated activity rather than a task or natural performance. While this method is not generally supported by National Vocational Qualifications it can be appropriate when using high cost materials or in dangerous situations. confound and Assignments If assessment is to be seen as a valuable tool and respected by learners it must be seen to work effectively. For my s ubject area I would subjugate on Formative assessment and Initial /Diagnostic assessment. Formative Assessments Formative assessment is an interim judgment also known as continuous assessment this mean it is ongoing, this give the learner the opportunity to know how they are progressing, giving them the opportunity to improve (Wilson 2009, Gravells 2008).This type of assessment is very motivational as it is seen as a review rather than an assessment, helping learners to progress and maximize their potential. Theorist David Kolb (1984) is used frequently to explain learning processes he describes how individuals learn from their experiences by tryout and error. Reflective practice builds upon things that happen (concrete experience) and develop through understanding, like having another go at it, this Kolb suggest is a logical development, which constantly (through repetition) leads to better practice.Formative assessment method helps the student to constructively identify achievem ent and areas for further improvement. The teacher is able to evaluate the effectiveness of his own teaching to date, and to centre prox plans based upon that evaluation During a Formative assessment (Minton 2009). Because of the flexibility of its application formative assessment is a great way for teachers gauge how effective their teaching is as it shows up areas of strengths and weakness in time for corrections to be made sooner than later.Formative assessment can be seen as a measure of the teachers ability to teach effective lessons by the results of student performance (Gould 2009, Minton 2009). Initial/Diagnostic assessment Initial assessment is a term given to that part of the learning process that aims to combine the learner, the teacher and the curriculum. Carrying out an initial assessment helps to plan appropriate sessions for learners, this is to identify the specific needs of learners and to devise the best teaching strategy. Wilson 2009, Petty2009) Initial assessmen t is really the first stage in a process designed to create an interesting and pertinent program of study for learners, Looking at how Achievable and relevant the proposed course is the potential learner (Gould 2009). This type of assessment immediately gives credibility to the fact that assessment is very influential throughout the process of learning it measures attainment, potential and identifies skill gaps, aspirations, support needed and the level of ability of learners.A good initial assessment of learners suitability for a course can positively affect continual attendance and successful completion of a course (Minton 2005). Initial assessment sets out to do quite a lot and depending on the individuals. Individual differences will have impact upon teaching and it is important to recognize that as more than as the individual is affected so also is the style and manner in which teaching is delivered, therefore expectations must be communicated in such a way as to positively i nfluence students (Petty 2009, Gould 2009, and Minton 2005).It is very important the learner is considerably informed about the course before starting so a closing can be made about the suitability of the course for the learner. Diagnostic assessment is additional information, which is linked to information gather from the initial assessment. Together they help both teacher and the learner build a clear picture of the individual, based on the skills and knowledge already achieved.In order to begin the process of personalizing learning, developing an individual learning plan and begin the process of assessment for learning that will continue throughout the learners program make links to progression routes and prepare for the next steps (Gould 2009, Petty 2009). Individual differences will have impact upon teaching, so it is important to recognise that as much as an individual is affected so also is the style and manner in which teaching is delivered. Therefore expectations must be communicated in such a way as to positively influence students (Petty 2009, Gould 2009, and Minton 2005).It is important that teaching strategies are seen to be, and treated as strategies. These are always changing and it is important to make it a point of duty to be conversant with the all strategies that may be appropriate for the individual and collective needs of students as needs as well as pupils vary. Learning is cumulative that is to say that as a result of continuous and varying experiences human beings gain knowledge, form concepts, increase in skills and attitudes and thereof are able to apply understanding and grow.During this process feelings are discovered about environmental factors and intrinsic values, learning can be viewed as a combination of cognitive, social and affective elements (Pollard 2008). The true focus of assessment is learning and how we learn. Adversely when intelligence and ability has become the focus, many authors have shown in their question tha t it is a nebulous concept to focus on measuring pupils intelligence or ability. Learning is crucial to the way in which human beings deal with incompatible stages of life and determines whether or not good or bad experiences re-occur (Minton 2009).Over the course of time it has been realised that knowledge, understanding and learning is crucial and should be the focus of any form of assessment. Learning is constant and takes different shapes whether academically or socially it is a part of our lives whether you realize it or not life. Everyday we learn something new, how important it is to us, only an individual will know, this is determine through assessment whether self or secondary. . Bibliography 1.Practical teach A Guide to PTLLS& DTLLS Linda Wilson 2009. 2. Reflective Teaching Andrew Pollard 2008 3. Achieving your PTTLS Award Mary Francis and Jim Gould 2009 4. Achieving your PTTLS Award Mary Francis and Jim Gould 2009. 5. http//www. brookes. ac. uk/services/ocsld/resources/ methods. html. 6. Preparing to Teach in the long Learning Sector Ann Gravells 2008. 7. Reflective Practice in the Lifelong Learning Sector Jodi Roffey-Barentse and Richard Malthouse 2009

The Last Rajah Ratan Tata Case Study

Among Asias business titans, Ratan N. Tata stands out for his modesty. The chairman of the Tata Group Indias biggest conglomerate, with businesses ranging from software, cars, and steel to earphone service, tea bags, and wristwatches usually drives himself to the office in his$12,500 Tata Indigo Marina wagon. He prefers to spend weekends in solitude with his two dog sat a beachfront home he patterned himself. And disdainful of pretense, he travels alone even on long business trips, eschewing the retinues of aides who typically coddle corporate chieftains.But the 69-year-old Tata also has a hothead streak. An avid aviator, he often flies a corporate Falcon 2000 jet around India. And in February he caused a sensation at the Aero India 2007 airshow by co-piloting Lockheed (LMT) F-16 and Boeing (BA) F-18 fighter jets. Tatas business dealings reflect the bolder side of his personality. In the past four years he has embarked on an investment binge that is building his host from a onc e-stodgy regional player into a global heavyweight. Since 2003, Tata has bought the truck unit of South Koreas DaewooMotors, a stake in one of Indonesias biggest coal mines, and steel mill around in Singapore, Thailand,and Vietnam.It has taken over a slew of tony hotels including New Yorks Pierre, the Ritz-Carlton in Boston, and San Franciscos Camden Place. The 2004 purchase of Tyco Internationals(TYC) undersea telecom cables for $130 million, a price that in hindsight looks manage a steal,turned Tata into the worlds biggest carrier of international phone calls. With its $91 million buyout of British engineering firm Incat International, Tata Technologies now is a major supplier of outsourced industrial design for American auto and aerospace companies, with 3,300 engineers in India, the U.S., and Europe.The crowning deal to date has been Tata Steels $13 billion takeover in April of Dutch-British steel giant Corus Group, a target that would corroborate been unthinkable just a few years ago. In one swoop, the move greatly expands Tata Steels range of finished products, secures access to automakers across the U.S. and Europe, and boosts its capacity tail fin fold, with mills added in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Now, a new gambit may catapult Tata into the big leagues of global auto manufacturing The company is said to be unhurriedness a bid for Jaguar Cars and Land Rover, which Ford Motor Co. (F)wants to sell. On top of all this, the group plans $28 billion in capitalinvestments at home over the next five years in steel, autos, telecom, power, chemicals, and more.We rescaled our thinking in terms of growth, Tata says over tea at Bombay House, the groups headquarters since 1926, a placid oasis with well-worn marble floors, a vast collection of modern Indian art,and staffers who circulate with bowls of vanilla ice cream every solar day at 3 p.m. We just forced and cajoled our businesses to make this happen.The forcing and cajoling has worked brilliantly.The market value of the 18 listed Tata companies has swelled to $62 billion, from $12 billion,since 2003. Group sales and profits declare doubled, to $29 billion and $2.8 billion, respectively.

How Are Women Represented in British Sitcom Peepshow

How be women represented in the British Sitcom peek put down Introduction I confirm looked at how women are represented in Peep show, a British Situation Comedy based around two very divers(prenominal) friends that share a flat in London. The majority of situations they get into involve their attempts to seduce or gain affection from the women they either love or pitch a fleeting obsession with. The reason I decided to analyse Peep Show is because its two main characters are so contrasting in ethics, morals, life style choices and attitudes towards women that it entirelyows for an interesting look into how women are represented.I withal feel that women in japery on a whole are underrepresented. Literature check out The literary resources I fertilise be drawing upon include and article by Jack Glascock from the Journal of Broadcasting and electronic Media(2001). In which he looks at gender roles on primetime television receiver set and counseles on the shift in represent ation from the seventies gender roles on primetime television . The article is both theoretical and statistical and provides an interesting overview of gender on screen. I will also be look at the work of Brett Mills.I will look at two of his deeds wholeness is a journal article in the Oxford Journal Screen. Also looking at his book, The Sitcom. Brett Mills is an expert in the sit com arena, with several journals and books on similar subjects, he offers a contemporary look at British sitcom, including Peep Show. Methodology I had several copes when approaching the method of my research. The first issue was that in order to do a focus group, I would have to pick specific episodes to show community. By choosing a specific episode, I would by default be cherry picking the content and with that content cherry picking the ideology of the episode.I therefore decided to pick an episode at random, so I could try to eradicate the possibility of me picking an episode that would rein crow d my own opinions. The episode The Local Zero was therefore shown to two priapic and one distaff. These three participants had never seen an episode of Peep Show before, they there for were briefed on the general narrative i. e that brand and Jeremy are friends that live together in a flat. I also did non suppose them specifically what I was trying to find out I then asked them a series of questions.Not all specific to gender, however the majority were pin pointed towards gender. The focus group gave me an un crooked first account of what passel thought if they were to just turn on the television for the first time and see an episode of Peep Show. Would they think that the show they had just watched represented women commandingly or blackballly? They would have no bias or favouritism towards the characters. So it was a raw first thoughts approach, that was both useful and a hindrance. I balanced this out with a general textual analysis of the series. AnalysisAs I mentioned in my methodology the focus group consisted of people that had non seen Peep Show previously. I showed them an episode in which Jeremy is troubled by his girlfriends new found wish for abstinence and jibe is still trying to win the heart of Sophie, the charr he works with, by fighting off the competition. The two fe mannish characters we are then presented with are Sophie and Nancy. Nancy is an American Christian who wants Jeremy to break sexual taboos after world criticised by Mark for not following her religion she decides abstinence to be the last sexual taboo.When I asked the focus group who the least desireable character was they all at last agreed on Nancy, when asked why a participant stated she was just annoying a statement again that was agreed on. In the episode she comes crossways as a bit stupid. In response to her abstinence Jeremy pretends that he is fine with it, although in Peep Show you can hear the thoughts of Mark and Jeremy. atomic number 53 of the partic ipants noted when how positive the interaction between men and women was, one participant said not very as they think one thing and tell the women another. It is the deceitful attitude towards women they use in order to gain either affection or sex. In Jeremys case he lies about being religious in order to continue to have sex. However Jeremy was not the least likeable character even though he lied to his girlfriend. I asked the question whether they felt the interests and attitudes of female characters gleamed real interests and attitudes of real women, the response was undecided. Feminists of the 1970s were concerned about the narrow range of representations of women offered in the media and argued that these were often negative stereotypes.So, for instance, ofttimes advertising was taken to task for restricting representations of women to only a few roles, primarily the wife and mother, the housewife and the sex object. This approach pore on the force out of ideology as a for ce and a mechanism. (Fisk, 1987) Although Peep Show is a contemporary text, we have to wonder whether there is that diverse roles with the characters within. Nancy can be seen as the sex object, although throughout the series there are many similar characters that Jeremy has fleeting relationships with.Sophie (Marks love interest) in later episodes becomes the nagging wife as he decides he doesnt want to marry her and doesnt want her child. There are very few female characters in Peep Show that seem to break theses boundaries. Gender issues have been of concern within the study of television. These concerns have primarily taken two forms. First, there has been the question of representation, which initially focused on how television stereotyped, under-represented or misrepresented women.As a extremely popular show I felt it was important to analyse how women were represented, especially in comedy as a whole, the inadequacy of strong female characters in comedy is apparent not only on television and in film, that also on the stage although it in improving. If you look at Space (c4,1999) the representation is balanced, the formatting is the same in that two friends share a flat but one is female and one is male, the minor characters are also more balanced and interestingly the writing was done by both Simon Pegg and Jessica Stevens something I will touch upon later.In later series Mark befriends a colleague called Dobby. Nick naked so because of her likeness to the house elf from Harry Potter. A knight that does not associate with beauty or power but that of an elf and a male elf. Dobby is the tom boy character, she is not referred to as attractive, is into typically male orientated activities such as computer games , Mark begins to like her because she makes references to things that he would also make reference to. She is like him and he is amazed that a woman knows about or is interested in the same things as him.So it would be interesting to note that whi le she is a character that Mark relates to and befriends rather than obsesses over, she is considered curious looking. This can be seen throughout films and television, the idea of desexualised women because she gains male characteristics. The representation of women in Peep show can be assessed in two ways, by looking literally at the roles of female characters and by looking at the attitudes and relationships men have with women and vice-versa.Peep Shows two main characters are male the female characters are not necessarily permanent, although Sophie is in it from the beginning. The other female characters tend to come in depending on the episode. Female representation in the media and in television in particular, may correspond to inequities behind the scenes. (Glascock,2001 ) If as Glascocks findings show the direct correlation between women behind the scenes and women on screen could it be then that this explains the lack of female representation on screen, or the lack of soli d and permanent female characters at least.By looking at the cast and crew information as listed on IMDB, all episodes have been written by men, all episodes have been produced by men , however it also states that it was a female that has directed a majority of the episodes. Interesting to note that as stated earlier Spaced ( c4, 1999) was co wrote by a female. The interaction between Mark, Jeremy and the female characters has two sides to it. You have Mark who is ultimately the romantic he obsesses with women down to minute details he is the shy and awkward geek looking for the one. However you have Jeremy who is a hap hazard womaniser.Yet what makes them so likeable is their foolish nature. While the progression of female characterizations on television has been noted, the pendulum may have swung the other way for male depictions. Frequently criticized have been make-for-television movies featuring males as abusive psychopaths (Kloer, 1996 Stein, 1994 Zurawik, 1996) and situation comedies in which guys run the gamut from insufferable to useless (Glascock,2001) Due to Peep Shows popularity it could be said that the characters are not insufferable however because they never fail to make tremendous mistakes, it could be said that they are useless.This contrast with the useless, clumsy and likeable Mark and Jeremy, and the jumpy relatively rigid female characters creates an overall impression of forgettable female characters. In some respects the women in Peep Show act as mother figures and Mark and Jeremy act as the child, the relationships are there for usually relationships that dont last because they are told off or make a mistake and the women are then completely repelled by them.In order to see what extent the female characters in Peep Show can be deemed stereotyped I first looked at the definition of stereotype A process involving the expression of an exaggerated belief about a group that serves to qualify of rid the conduct towards that group of those who hold and express that belief (Long and Wall, 2009) Using this definition I applied it to the female character Nancy in the episode I showed focus group. Starting with Nancy, the beautiful blonde, does she fit the dumb blonde stereotype? I would say yes, in the program she says God wanted us to have pleasure thats why he invented pills in a genuinely serious voice. Is this an exaggerated belief? I would propose that very few religious people would actually claim that God condones drug taking. Sitcoms the genre criticised for its simplistic use of stereotypes, outmoded representations and an apparent failure to engage with social or political schooling (Mills, 2004) Yet I wouldnt say the character are stereotypical men. They are very self-aware, self-depreciating, they also make frequent remarks about there in lack of strength, lack of manliness. In the episode shown to the focus group, Mark says Mate he universal word for befriending taxi drivers, and bouncers as he tries to fit in with some security guards. He has a sort of inferiority complex and only acknowledges at the same time that he is middle break. Perhaps then he fits the stereotype of the middle class man, Jeremy often attacks him for his love of typically middle class food such as olives and humus. Yet they share a flat together and dont really have much money. Additionally Peep Show has been noted for its naturalistic style, it is set in a point of view narrative, where we are positioned as different characters at different times.Bret Mills further explore Peep Show in his book The Sitcom. In which he suggests Peep Show is better placed in the realist/naturalist category than as a comedy of distinction, because of its gloomy colours for its downplayed performances suggests a variety of naturalism. If we see Peep Show as a realist text then we are to assume to sort of ideology that must also closely reflect the real world. As Mark says in the episode where he marries Sophie this has to b e a dream, nothing this bad happens in real life. He reinforces the realist feel of the comedy. Representations give substance to ideology.Textual analysis reveals ideology in action. The femme fatale is about gender and power. It is about the male fear of being unmanned by the sexual power of the woman, a fear of losing control. (Burton,2004) If Peep Show is a realist view, the ideology within it by default must also be deemed a natural point of view. Although they are exaggerations of characters like them, there interaction with the world are deemed quite natural and realistic. As Burton quotes that representation gives substance to ideology how we represent certain groups of society gives force to ideology.Because of Peep Shows critic of society I would say that it did not promote dominant ideology. I would however say it was negotiated it promoted new and forward thinking ways, yet with regards to women, it does not promote anything other than dominant ideology. It remains true that in critical studies the concepts of difference and of otherness are often used to emphasize the negative sameness and difference are marked both symbolically through representational systems, and socially through the inclusion or exclusion of certain groups of people Conclusion.To conclude, I feel that Peep Show does not necessarily represent women in a bad way, it rather under represents them. What is shown in a disparaging light is the relationships between men and women, the women are often sexualised. Whilst the research I have done has proved useful it has not necessarily helped me to come to a solid conclusion. Bibliogrpahy Books 1. CALVERT, Ben Lewis, Justin French, Liam Casey, Bernadette Casey, Neil. (2007). Television Studies The Key Concepts. Taylor & Francis. 2. BURTON. (2004). Media And Society Critical Perspectives.Open University Press. 3. FISKE, J. (1987) Television Culture. London Routledge 4. MILLS, B. (2009). The sitcom. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press . 5. LONG, P. , & WALL, T. (2009). Media studies texts, production, and contexts. Harlow u. a. , Pearson Longman. . Journals. 6. GLASCOCK,J 2001, Gender Roles on Prime Time TV, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, Fall 2001. 7. MILLS, B 2004, Comedy Virite Oxford Journal Screen, Vol 45, no 1, Pp 63-78 Websites 8. Wikipedia, List of Peep Show episodes, http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/List_of_Peep_Show_episodes (as of May 22, 2011, 1605 GMT). 9. International Movie Database, Full Cast and Crew, Peep Show, http//www. imdb. com/title/tt0387764/fullcreditscast (as of May 22, 2011, 1606 GMT). Television Programs PeepShow, September 2003-, video, Channel Four, United Kingdom Spaced, 1999-2001, Video, Channel Four, United Kingdom Appendices. Focus Group Transcript. Peep Show Episode Local Zero What kind of relationships do you think are explored in Peep Show? histrion A Friendship. Participant C Sexual, love.How positive is the interaction between men and women? Participant BThey wer e all being fake to one another they were thinking one thing and saying something else made up. Which character including minor characters would you say was the most like able? All Mark. Lest Likeable? Participant A The homeless man he didnt do anything laughs Participant B No I would say the girl the American girl.. Participant C Yeah she doesnt do anything. Yeah even Sophie doesnt. Partcipant A Actually yeah, Nancy. Would you say peep show was a realistic portrayal of mens attitudes towards women.Partipant B I think so Participant A I would say some not most Participant c Yeah but guys think that even if you say no that really you would like them its just a matter of time, What social class would you place Jeremy? Participant C What are the classes? Participant B I would say lower class he doesnt work Participant ANo i would say he is middle. Particpant B He would be middle but lazy. Participant C Yeah manybe. What are the main concerns of Mark of Jeremy? Particpant C Women laughs Particpant B Yeah sex.Participant A I agree Just sex, women. Do you think the characters Mark and Jeremy have a respectable attitude towards women? Participant C Yeha maybe Mark, not the other one. Jeremy he just lied. Participant AYeah I agree Mark maybe but not Jeremy. Would you say that the female characters attitudes and interests reflect real womens attitudes and interests? Participant C It is hard to say, they were extremes. Participants B Yeah, It is not really clear what they think. Participant A You dont hear their thoughts so you dont get any idea about them.

Chocolate industry India Essay

Introduction The market attractor of the hot coffee industry in India, Cadbury, is a British infantryman of the Ameri force out multinational confectionary, food and bever boards conglomerate Mondelez International. Cadbury, is the second largest confectionary company in the world, close on the heels of Mars, Inc. In India, Cadbury owns a market shargon of 66 %, crucially ahead of the early(a) multinational company operating the same space for many years, approach India, as well as other national, external and regional put ups care Amul and Ferrero.Cadbury India began its operations in India in 1948, and has been a trusted and favored crack for decades in India. The market sh ar has decreased from 70-80% in status of entry of other international deep brown companies in the Indian market, however it is still signifi movetly large. Cadbury figures in the strike out Trust Report, 2011 in the Top vitamin C Most Trusted Brands in India. While Cadbury sells products in sever al categories such as give the bouncedy, gum, beverages and coffee berry confectionary, this report is aimed at studying the marketing dodge employ by Cadbury India in view of its deep brown confectionary business.Some of the products in this category include the highly popular dairy draw, Dairy Milk Silk, Bournville, Temptations, 5 Star, Dairy Milk Shots, Celebrations, Perk and Toblerone. In order to analyze the marketing system for Cadbury, this report begins with a SWOT analysis of the company. environmental Analysis Political viands Safety Act 2006 Detailed and exacting regulations, for standards of production as well as imported chocolates, represent in India. Opportunity. Cadbury is better equipped to follow standards in production than smaller regional or local soft touchs. Strength.Expand into the country-style areas originally local or regional companies focus on the inelegant market. instant Tax Rates on Chocolates A tariff rate of 30% is levied on chocolates. Opportunity. Strength. Demand for premium chocolates at afford adapted charges can be encashed before exotic entrants can grow their roots within the Indian industry by introducing and aggressively marketing domestically manufactured premium chocolates. Economic Per Capita spending Patterns The biggest consumption category in India is Food. Spending in this amounts to almost 21% of the Gross Domestic Production. People, on average, spend 31% of their bud pick up monthly, on food.70% of the food spending is on agri-products, which incorporates candies and confectionary including chocolates. Two-thirds of this spending is on processed products. Domestic spending on food is expected to grow at a intensify 3 annual growth rate of 4% and billed to reach approximately 320 billion US dollars in economic value within the next 7 years. USD 841 million is spent on chocolates and confectionary in India. Opportunity. In households across income groups, a large share of money spent goes towa rds processed agricultural products including chocolates and other confectionary items.This can be encashed by developing effective conduct to reach out and sell to write down and lower middle income groups. Strength. Socio-Cultural Social and cultural acceptability of products in that location is an increasing acceptance of chocolates as an equivalent of traditional sweets in urban areas. Chocolates are, however, still seen as a luxury food item in rural areas. Opportunity. Chocolates are increasingly being seen as an equivalent or substitute for traditional sweets in terms of the convenience it offers when used for gifting on occasions. Strength.Cadbury is already working(a) on this approach to sell to urban consumers. Rural consumers can overly be reached out to and offered chocolates as a new gift item refilling sweets leading to increased sales. Technological Constantly improving technology in chocolate making leads to better tasting products as well as more(prenominal )(prenominal) than convenient storage. Opportunity. Strength. Cadbury has the financial capability to invest in R&D and has already produced products that are better suited to Indian tastes and storage conditions that other outside entrants into the industry are non yet as well adapted to. Natural factors.Climate for Cocoa Production Cocoa, used to produce chocolates can moreover be grown in regions 15 degrees to the north or south of the equator. Cocoa, originally a crop native to the Amazon basin, can only be grown in the southern enunciates of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It is non a commonly grown crop. Threat. Lack or scarcity of domestic cocoa producers can come upon production costs of chocolates within the country. Strength. Cadbury has encouraged farmers in Kerala to produce cocoa since the 1970s and is now in the process of promoting Cocoa as an inter-crop plant for coconut growing farmers.Successful pursuance of this connect with the farmers w ould help Cadbury procure raw material at lower prices within the country. Consumer behavior Age composition 66% of the population is below the age of 35. Opportunity. It implies that a great part of the population can be encouraged to take up consumption of chocolates more a great deal and pull up stakes be met with less resistance than that put up by older consumers with already set eating habits. Strength. 4 Competition Traditional Sweets precise widely usable and traditional choice, but inconsistent in hygiene levels and taste. Threat.Build on image of chocolates being a better and more hygienic choice, which adheres to food safety standards set out by the Govt. Build on image that chocolates are a more sophisticated choice for gifting carrying greater means than mithai from neighbourhood sweet shops. Strength. Confectionary items like candies, cakes and icecream Candies are easily available and appeal to children who claim traditionally been the target consumers for choc olates. Threat. Cadbury can emphasize more strongly that chocolates are not meant only for children but for adults as well who may not prefer to eat candies.Cadbury chocolate can be offered as an experience, that is not replicated by eating candies and conectionary items. Strength. Entry of several foreign players As India is seen to have a rapidly growing chocolate consuming country, with people willing to spend not only on inexpensive smaller packs of chocolates, but also premium chocolates as well, foreign players have started foraying into the market with the hope of establishing a presence in the premium sector at least. Threat.Cadbury can increase its foothold in the premium sector of chocolate industry by launching and promoting premium chocolate brands with higher cocoa contented which could be priced a bit lower than the foreign brands. In fact, Cadbury is already in the process of implementing such a strategy through the introduction of Bournville and Toblerone. Strengt h. Suppliers Global network Half of the cocoa reservoird for chocolate making by Cadbury is from sources around the globe, including countries like Ghana, for its famous brand Bournville.Opportunity. Cadbury can source the major(ip)ity of its cocoa from farmers in India through contract farming, while importing from foreign countries specifically for certain brands only. This will help reduce loss collectable to global fluctuations in cocoa bean prices and also reduce transport or shipment costs. It will also help create an even more positive image in the eyes of the Indian population. Strength. Dealer network Cadbury has CSR activities directed at the farmers who are producing cocoa on contract for Cadbury in the state of Kerala.Opportunity. Cadbury is now in the process of extending these activities to farmers in 3 more southern Indian states. This will help cement positive relations between the cocoa growers and the brand, which may put it at an advantage when compared to new f oreign entrants in the country like Ferrero or Mars, Inc. Strength. 5 Advertising environment Use of subprogram models Trustworthy role models in the media, when used as Brand Ambassadors, give a much needed push to the further acceptance of a product. Opportunity.Cadbury has been able to utilize this by roping in celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan, thus emphasizing the idea that even adults can have chocolates, since even a person of Amitabh Bachchans stature has not shied a vogue from having them. Cadbury also has the financial power to rope in more high profile celebrities for the same. Strength. Availability of media and ad agencies Several media channels like TV, Radio, newspapers are available for Cadbury to advertise on. Opportunity. Cadbury has been advertising its chocolates heavily throughout, to keep the brand on top of the mind recall.There have been innumerable ads by Cadbury that have long stayed on peoples minds and even evoked nostalgia, indicating a deep connect of the brand with the audience. Strength. Segmentation Cadbury componented the consumer based on age. Till the 1980s, chocolates were seen as a luxury item which were eaten only on special(prenominal) occasions or used to reward children with. Despite being the market leader already at this meter, Cadbury decided to reshuffle their marketing strategy and position chocolates as a snack and an e veryday item of consumption or else than a special treat.In order to do this, the first step was to segment the consumers. Geographic or occupation based segmentation would have turn up less relevant in helping raise revenues generated from chocolate sales. The segmentation was done on the basis of age. The existing segment of choice for Cadbury had been children up to the age of 14 who had been driving the consumption of chocolates until the 90s. The other segment that the consumers could be grouped into was the adult population. Targeting The decision made to target a segment is based on g auging the segment attractiveness of the segment.During the 90s, with a rise in the population of the 15-35 year olds, combined with a surge in income and spending power due to the synchronous opening up of the economy, made the adult segment an attractive one and since then, it has been targeted by Cadbury. Being the market leader already, switching to this target consumer group was not a difficult move for them, in terms of channel attractiveness of the segment. The existing channels which served the consumers until the 90s, such as kirana stores, need no resource intensifier special adaptations to serve the youth consumer group as well.Alongside this, competitive attractiveness of the youth segment was also high since no other chocolate company had targeted this consumer group so far. Although this meant 6 Cadbury needed to put in extra marketing effort to smorgasbord the kindly acceptance of chocolates in this group, it also translated into a first mover advantage for them. Positioning Positioning is the decision of how the brand wants to be perceived as by the target consumer group counterpart competitors.Cadbury has positioned itself to cater to specific needs and attributes that the target consumer group looks for. Cadburys objective was to engage the customers of the adult age group. In the early 90s, Cadbury had the leading share in the market but the volume of sales in terms of per capita consumption was very low compared to western countries. This was also because consumption of chocolate by children was rigorously governed by adults and hence increasing per capita consumption within the children consumer group was not a feasible option.In order to widen the net of consumers, Cadbury had to increase the social acceptance of chocolates in the adults age group. This was done through the means of extensive and successively coarse ad races which eventually lowered the attitudinal barrier that existed. Cadbury had wanted to and has successfully mo ved from the perception of chocolate being a childrens product to a celebratory/gifting product, and more recently an indulgence product (For instance Cadbury Silk).In 1992, Cadbury launched a series of aggressive ad campaigns starting with Real Taste of Life which showcased adults eating the chocolates on their own and not in a name role or buying it as a reward or a way to say sorry to loved ones. This included the famous ad Kuch khaas hai zindagi mein which showed adults enjoying the taste of chocolates on their own. Later on, Cadbury launched a campaign for Perk which said Thodi si pet pooja which emphasized the use of the chocolate as an any time snack to accomplish hunger, which was a marked shift from the earlier perception of chocolates.Later, to promote Cadbury chocolates as an alternative to traditional desserts, the kuch meetha ho jaaye campaign sought to change perceptions once again, this time including the entire family consisting of elderly grandparents also in the ad to show acceptance of the Cadbury chocolates as dessert. By tying chocolates to Indian customs, and festivals, like Celebrations curiously for Raksha Bandhan and Diwali, Cadbury has come a long way from the Real Taste of Life campaign, and Indianized itself in order to entrench itself within the minds of the adult population in India. marketing merge 4 Ps Product/Service Product There are four types of products by Cadbury India, and this report is focused on the Chocolates category. These aim to satisfy the hunger need as well as relaxation and convenience need (easily available snacking option). In order to satisfy these needs, the 7 product is available very easily, at least in the urban markets and in various sizes. Cadbury chocolates are branded so as to represent some emotional outcome values like family values, and togetherness, but at the same time, they are also branded as a fresh, satisfying, convenient product. shopping centre Cadbury has 6 company-owned manufacturi ng facilities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thane Induri (Pune) Malanpur (Gwalior) Bangalore Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) Hyderabad There are 4 sales offices, one each in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The corporate office is in Mumbai. In terms of distribution, Cadbury chocolate products are sold in a flash to wholesalers and retailers. The network comprises roughly 2100 distributors and 4,50,000 retailers. The chocolates are sold through Kirana stores, gift stores, medical stores, canteens, paan shops, bakeries and so on.Price The generally established price point for chocolates in India is Rs 5 and Cadbury has 4 products at this point including Dairy milk, 5 star, gems and perk. This price point accounts for half of chocolate sales in India. At the same time, Cadbury sells multiple other than sized packs on a range of prices, going up to higher, premium priced products as well such as Bournville. In this way, Cadbury has a hold on various price points available to various groups of con sumers based on their appetite for spending.Promotion Cadbury promotes its products through various media channels. It uses mainly telly ads with strongly featured taglines that get associated with the products easily. There is some amount of seasonality in the market in the way that demand ideally goes up during festive season due to gifting needs and Cadbury launches special ad campaigns around those times to encash on this increased demand. National level competitors like Amul have been unable to match up to the scale of promotions undertaken by Cadbury.regional players hardly advertise on a big scale through campaigns. until now, its MNC competitor Nestle has its own promotional ads and campaigns that seek to rival Cadburys and sometimes directly challenge the Cadbury ads. 8 Recommendations 1. In view of the recent entry of foreign players in the market, though Cadbury does not face the threat of losing a significant amount of its existing customers, for instance, those who bu y Dairy Milk or Perk, there is a possibility of losing out on potential customers who are interested in premium chocolates.Since this is a rapidly growing industry, and being the established market leader, Cadbury should focus on its premium chocolate brands in a big way through more visible ad campaigns and promote their products based on the brand equity they have built through the years. 2. While leveraging the lower cost of Cadbury premium chocolates vis-a-vis foreign chocolates, Cadbury must take care to ensure it does not go the Tata Nano way, as lower prices in the premium segment may be perceived as lower quality in the product delivered as well.3. As it has already managed to successfully position chocolates as a snack for childrens as well as adults consumption, it can now focus on activating the elderly consumer segment which is typically more disgusting to chocolates compared to traditional sweets and feel guilty on indulging in chocolates even if not restricted by heal th reasons. 4. Cadbury can now change the arrangement of certain specific products or pull in new products to cater to instant energy giving needs similar to Mars bars abroad. 5. Recently, a 20-calorie chocolate has been developed in the UK which is now being sold at Michelin starred restaurants.Cadbury can also direct some of its R&D endeavors towards developing a similar product which would give the company a distinct edge over competitors and help tap into a new markets and increase their consumer width. 9 home(a) BRAND 10 Introduction Amul is an Indian dairy Co-operative based out of Anand in Gujarat. The co-operative started off as the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers Union in celestial latitude 1946. The Co-operative was set up by the milk producers of the Kaira district of Gujarat who felt cheated by the unfair trade practices.The co-operative collected processed and marketed milk and was co-owned by the milk producing farmers of the district. The brand Amul was used by the Kaira District Co-operative to market its brand of milk products. By the 1970s the Co-operative model had become highly successful and spawned similar Co-operative in other district s of Gujarat. In order to combine together and expand their market while not competing with each other, the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF), an flower marketing body of these district co-operatives was set-up in 1973.The brand name of Amul which was held by the Kaira Union was transferred to GCCF. Today, the GCCF is the largest food product marketing organisation of India. The co-operatives collect around 10 million litres of milk per day from around 3 million milk producer members of the Co-operative. Its current turnover is around Rs. 140. 0 billion. Amul started producing and marketing chocolates in 1970. It shortly markets 6 different chocolate brands namely Congtas, Fundoo, Chocozo, Bindaaz, Rejoice, Almond Bar, harvest-festivals and Nut and Amul readiness Chocolate.Current market share of Amul chocolates is just 4% as compared to market leader that is 66%. The main reason behind such low market share is lack of promotion and more focus on dairy products. Environmental Analysis Strengths ? ? ? Raw material (milk) security Major raw materials for the production of chocolates are Cocoa, milk and sugar. Milk supply is secured for the company which protects it from any volatility in prices. High brand sensory faculty Amul through its concerted marketing over the last 5 decades has created a brand that is synonymous with good quality.The brand has also become a symbol of successful Indian entrepreneurship that has positively impacted the lives of millions of small farmers, hence there is a sense of patriotism and pride associated with the brand as well. Strong distribution network Amul has been marketing and supplying milk through a pan India distribution network which supplies milk and milk products to supreme retailers but also to its own milk parlours. 11 Weakness ? ? ? moo market share Amul chocolates have a low market share in the Indian chocolate industry. The brand, though having a strong recall value, is not primarily associated with chocolates.The market leader in the chocolate industry in India is Cadbury with 70% market share followed by Nestle at 20% market share. Co-operative structure of Amul Due to the Co-operative nature of GCMMF, there is limited capital infusion in the company. As a result there is a limited scope for aggressive product launches or diversification. Volatility in Cocoa prices Unlike the major chocolate producing companies in the world, Amul does not own a cocoa plantation. The prices of cocoa are volatile in nature as they are dependent on the international demand supply dynamics.Not having a cocoa plantation of its own exposed the company to volatility in prices of this raw material. Opportunities ? Huge untapped market The per capita consumption of chocolate in India has increas e from 40 gm per person in 2005 to around 110 gm per person currently. Though this is awing growth in itself it is still much lower than the per capita chocolate consumption, in countries like Ireland or Belgium which have a chocolate consumption per person of more than 11 kilograms or even USA or Australia which have chocolate consumption per person of around 5 kilograms.There is thus a huge untapped market for growth in the chocolate industry in India. agree Strength Since Amul has a strong Brand awareness, people would be willing to buy new products launched under its brand name. Amul can launcha variety of new chocolate products for youth and kids. ? Gifting Gift hampers consisting of chocolates has been a successful marketing strategy by companies like Cadbury. Amul too has the Rejoice brand especially for this purpose however there is scope to launch or aggressively advertise this.comparable Strength Since, Amul is a strong brand name and has a strong distribution network, I t can very well advertise the gift packs like exult and can introduce new brands catering to the same need. ? Advertising Amul need to advertise and carry out lot of promotional activities to inform the consumers that still exist and can provide them with what they want. Its been years that Amuls chocolate advertisement has been telecasted on Indias major television channels. sales promotions like discounts and free samples can also help them to increase the Brand awareness and attract customers to switch brand from competitors. Big brands use a celebrity as a Brand Ambassador for its product. 12 For example Amitabh Bachchan for Cadbury & Rani Mukherjee for Nestle, Amul can also use a brand ambassador for the promotion of its chocolates. Corresponding Strength Amul has a huge turnover of around Rs 140 billion and is a financially strong company and has enough funds to carry out the needed advertising campaign and promotions.By spending a small percentage of revenue on advertising c ampaigns Amul can increase its market share to a large extent. ? Low rural penetration of chocolates There is significant awareness of the Amul brand even in rural India. The company can leverage these launch cheaper brands targeted at the rural segment which has till now stayed away from chocolate consumption. Corresponding Strength Amul has been marketing and supplying milk through a pan India distribution network. It has a strong distribution network in rural areas. Amul can leverage this strength and can launch cheaper products in rural market.Threats ? Strong competition from foreign multi nationals There is significant potential in the Indian chocolate industry which has been attracting international competition. Companies like Cadbury have been launching premium swiss chocolate brands. also other premium chocolate brands like Ferrero Rocher are making their presence felt in India. Corresponding Weakness Since Amul is mostly relate to its milk products and has not made its p resence felt strongly in the chocolate industry, its still far behind its competitors like Cadburys which is a very aggressive player in the chocolate industry.Amul faces tough competition and to handle the same it needs enormous marketing and advertising campaign and introduction of new chocolate products under its brand name. ? Low brand loyalty in chocolate industry Chocolates are impulse purchases and compete with categories of soft drinks, snacks and other beverages. Although people may like a particular type of chocolate (dark, milk, white, etc. ) there is not a significant brand loyalty. Hence this presents a threat to established players in the market.Corresponding Weakness Since Amul has significantly low popularity in chocolate industry and also people are picky while selecting a chocolate, there is not a single chocolate brand product under its brand which enjoys strong loyalty from consumer side. Also, people like to try different kinds of chocolates and are not of nece ssity inclined towards a single chocolate product. Since, Amul does not offer a large variety of chocolates therefore it is at a weaker position in the chocolate industry. 13 Segmentation Geographic segmentation Chocolate consumption is concentrated in urban areas of the country.Chocolate consumption in rural areas of the country may be considered negligible. Chocolates are still considered as a luxury product by the population and are hence consumed by the middle and the upper classes of family which reside in the towns, cities and metropolitan centres of the country. Amul chocolates are thus marketed in these areas of the country. Demographic segmentation Amul chocolates are mostly segmented its consumers into various age groups like the children, callow and youth segments of the society.Since, chocolates are particularly liked by children and middle aged and older generations refrain from eating it citing health concerns due to high sugar content of chocolates. Targeting The br ands of Amul chocolates like Fundooz, Bindaaz, Congrats etc. have been named to be attractive to the younger generation who use these words in their daily lexicon. There has been a strategy by the company to provide a young, dynamic and fun loving character to its chocolate through such branding. Amul chocolates also markets two brand namely Amul Cooking Chocolate which is targeted towards the homemakers and professional cooks and chefs.Positioning Positioning is the decision of how the brand wants to be perceived as by the target consumer group vis-a-vis competitors. Amul has positioned itself as an affordable, value for money chocolate. Since, it has mostly targeted kids and youth, it is still considered as a snack unlike cadburys product like Celebrations which is considered as gifting option. Amul has not positioned itself as an alternative to sweets or has not developed its product to actually cater to an emotional need. It is simply a chocolate available at a lower price. Mark eting MixProduct Amul has a very low range of products in its chocolate business. There are only 8 chocolate brands that Amul offers as of now in the market and these are Congrats, Fundoo, Chocozo, 14 Bindaaz, Rejoice, Almond Bar, Fruits and Nut and Amul Cooking Chocolate. The problem is that there is no clear differentiation between the products that it offers. For example Cadburys is catering to a different need corresponding to its individual Chocolate product. ? ? ? ? ? Product Dairy Milk Dairy Milk Shots Bournville 5 Star Perk Need Milk Chocolate (Basic taste and style).Small balls of chocolate (Circular unlike chocolate bars) Dark Chocolate Sweeter in taste with honey as an ingredient Crispier with wafer inside However, Amul exclusively ignores such kind of differentiation between its products and hence their product can be easily substituted by their own products apart from the competitors product. other important factor is packaging because majority of the consumers is kid s and youngsters who like attractive packaging. Most kids buy chocolates not just because they like chocolates but also because of the attractive negligees. package used by Amul stands low on appearance parameter. Also, it lacks a common theme or top of the mind recall point. For example, Cadburys is strongly associated with blue wrapper and more than brown its the colour blue that we associate with a chocolate. As compared to this, Amuls packaging is weak and lacks lustre. Amul needs to make changes to its product (chocolates) like introduction of more flavours and attractive packaging because the wrappers Amul uses is not at all attractive compared to those used by Cadbury and Nestle.This would keep them in competition with competitors like Cadbury and Nestle. 15 Pricing Second P of marketing that is Price is often confused with blindly lowering the prices of different products and completely relying on this strategy to increase sales. However it is of extreme importance to divide the target group on the basis of their price sensitivity and purchase power. Every customer segment has different price expectation from the product. To maximize the returns, it is important to identify the right price level for each segment and then progressively moving through them.Amul has launched various chocolate products to cater to different segments of population. Pricing must take into account the competitive and legal environment of the industry. Majority of people in India live in villages and have low disposable income. With such a heavy competition in the chocolate market, Price plays a very important role. Amul pricing strategy has been look on for Money. Amuls believes in giving value for money to its customers and it has always followed that principle. Its products are of high quality and available at affordable prices.For example, Cadburys Fruit n Nut is priced at Rs 35 per 42 gm pouch whereas Amuls Fruit and Nut is sold at just Rs 25 per 40 gm. Amul offers same quality at a price 30% lower than its competitor. Amul has not launched any premium (high price) product in its chocolate business. Place Place in marketing is considered as the channels of distribution through which products move from the manufacturer to the consumers. The channels of distribution mean intermediaries or middlemen who act as a link between the manufacturer and the consumers.Factors that need to be considered when choosing the place are the characteristics of the product, characteristics of the buyers, control and competitors channels. Since chocolate is an edible product, Amul should adopt an intensive distribution strategy wherein they will manufacture products and make it available at various shopping malls, food joints, local stores, Chocolate parlours etc. Corresponding to its strong distribution channels, Amul currently has very low visibility. It needs to increase the visibility through offering discount to retailers along with buybacks to convince them to sto re the Amul Chocolates.Since Amul is a value for money brand it can be placed anywhere from small kirana shops to big malls. Amul has a big brand name because of its dairy products. They can easily use it to increase the awareness of its chocolates using various distribution channels. 16 Promotion Promotion refers to exchange of information between an organization and the consumer of its products. Consumers here include Customers, shareholders, employees, government and other parties related to the products like trade union and media.The aim of promotion is to inform the consumers, differentiate from other products and to persuade them to buy. There are many techniques of promotion like Advertising, Sales promotions, Direct Marketing & Personal selling. Amul has been criticised for lack of promotion. Amul has a strong brand name because of its dairy product leadership. Amul must advertise its chocolates using media like newspaper, television and internet to inform the public about t he quality & the price of its product. Amul has totally shifted its focus from chocolates towards milk and other milk products and have totally ignored chocolates.victimization the mediums like Television and newspaper the company needs to remind the public that they are back with improved products at an affordable price. 17 Recommendations 1. Amul needs to introduce new varieties of chocolates and improve its existing ones. 2. They should introduce milk chocolates like Nestles Milky Bar, Chocolates with fruits and nuts like Cadbury has its Fruit and Nuts, Mint chocolates like Nestles After Eight etc.

Hate Hurts, How Children Learn and Unlearn Prejudice

You know there is hate and prejudice out there in the world, simply sometimes you try to live your conduct pretending its not, just as long as it is not affection you or your family. It was surprising to me to see how early infantren notice differences in each(prenominal) other. Even children are already using (race) in some rudimentary way at six months (Stern, Larosa pg. 18). Its amazing to hear about Dr. Phyllis Katzs experiment. We know babies pay attention to their surroundings, and the people in it. Just didnt realize how closely.In her experiment it showed how a six month old baffle got bored looking at the same pictures of the same faces, and then got interested when a face of a different colourise was introduced. These differences help babies form a secure knowledge of themselves as entities separate from others (Stern, Larosa pg 18). I was very shocked by how ignorant one parent was about prejudice. She says Its something I belief he didnt notice that wouldnt be part of his consciousness I sort of wanted him to be colorblind. Clearly children are NOT color blind.Unless they are taught to appreciate differences, their views can be quite early (Stern, Larosa pg. 27). With teenagers things get a little harder. They are torn between being a child and a young adult. You want to be sure they are not doing things they shouldnt, but you dont want to pry into their lives too much. They are arduous to be independent from you, and do and make their own decisions. Parents of teenagers in our society must learn to listen to what their offspring are proverb, especially what they are saying to one another (Stern, Larosa pg. 9).This book gives you so many heart breaking examples of how children have treated other children so wrong with hatred and prejudice. It also has precondition examples of how these children over came those hardships it just would have been nice to hear more of the good instead of the bad. After reading this book, it makes you wake up and realize you cant live your life as if hate and prejudice isnt out there.We as a society must teach our children that differences should ot be a threat, but that differences are what make the world go around. It seems that hate and prejudice has plagued our country for the entirety of its existence. You can go back and look in record books and find it almost any where in history. This is an issue that bears much consideration because it is not going away by itself. We were created equal in the sight of God, and when everyone recognizes that to be fact and teaches their children, then maybe we will be well on our way to a peaceful existence.

Peer Assessment Essay

Introduction This paper discusses the implementation of peer assessment strategy that I carried step to the fore in a primary school in Dar es Salaam during my practicum. It consists of a background, rationale, the implementation process and conclusion. The challenges encountered and their possible solutions on how to overcome them.. Background Black and William (1998) pay back assessment as all those activities undertaken by teachers, and educatees in assessing themselves, which provide in springation to be used as feedback to modify the educational activity and learnedness activities in which they argon engaged.There are two major types of assessment, formative assessment and summative assessment. And thus, Peer assessment is wholeness of the forms of formative assessment. Besides, Higher Education Academy- UK, (2006) is an alternative form of assessment in which learners are given the opportunity to measure and guess each former(a)s compliments of the specified learning ou tcomes. It is used to take students more closely in their learning and its evaluation and enable them to really understand what is required of them.(Phil et al 2006) This is a form of formative assessment which teachers fag end use in layer assignments, interrogatorys, presentations, project based work and practical tasks. These tasks can be performed by learners either in pairs, by multiple assessors or in groups. It is where learners consider and specify the level, value or quality of a product or performance of other equal status learners (Topping, 2008). This therefore meat that learners are able to learn better because they assess their peers work and give appropriate feedback which helps them to improve their own work.It also leads to a number of benefits in harm of the learning process for instance encouraging thinking, increasing learning and increasing students trustingness Gardner (2006), students find it easier to make sense of criteria for their work if they exami ne other students work alongside their own. It is uniquely valuable because the interchange is in language that students themselves would naturally use, because they learn by taking roles of teachers and examiners of others (Saddler, 1998) Rationale.Eckstein and Noah (1992) argue that teachers teach to the test therefore leaving out any(prenominal) non-examinable but important skills set out in the curriculum. This is evident because most schools in the intermiting world trim back on exams which is summative assessment and because of the backwash of this type of assessment, it impedes rather than promote social justice by locking many young people out of the education system, (Cunningham 1998). This summative assessment limits potential in enhancing teaching and learning which makes learners not to get prompt feedback to help them improve on their performance (Brooks, 2002).PA saves the teachers time because it takes a shorter time to mark and grade assignments using it than when a teacher marks all the books. This gives the teacher ample time to prepare for other lessons. By using PA, the teacher is able to give feedback to the pupils in a littler time than when the teacher uses traditional come out of marking. PA was introduced with an intention to pass on students to take responsibility for their learning. It makes them feel valued because their suggestions are put into account.According to Irons (2008) PA encourages dialogue between the teacher and learners themselves as they negotiate the take up assessment criteria when reservation a rubric to evaluate their work. This makes students really understand what is required of them. Phil Race et al, asserts that students learn deeply when they have a sense of self-will of the agenda and if PA is done using the students design, there tends to be a sense of ownership of the criteria used than when they apply the tutors criteria. Furthermore, PA allows students to learn from each others successes.In some instances students notice that the work they are assessing is better than their own efforts, therefore they can benefit from the work of the most able in the group. Similarly, it helps students to learn from each others weaknesses also. When they discover mistakes in their peers work, it is usually good for them as the awareness of what not to do increases and therefore refrain from making the same mistake. (Phil et al 2006) Development My practicum was in a primary school in Dar es Salaam city. I was allocated standard seven to teach English. stock 7A is rather a large class with a roll of fifty three pupils.Boys were twenty eight while girls were twenty five. All were present. This was a retell English lesson of forty minutes each. The Topic was Comprehension, Sub-topic The library Lenders and Borrowers. My main objectives were by the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to look at, understand, formulate questions, discuss and be able to evaluate their peers work using a rubric. I made a detailed lesson plan showing the teachers and learners activities. My teaching and learning resources were standard seven text books, dictionaries, pomposity cards with modernistic words written on them, pictures of a library.The lesson started at 8. 00am to 9. 20am. Implementation I introduced the lesson with a vocabulary song as a brainstorm activity that was led by one of the pupils. I explained what I expected of them throughout the lesson, consequently used the self-selecting method to form groups of six and told them to choose a leader. We went through the guidelines that they would follow in their discussion groups. The passage had six paragraphs so I gave each group a paragraph. The learners read the passage as they listened to one another, noted down difficult or new words, and then generated three questions from their assigned paragraph.I assisted to organise the groups and how they would present. One member quickly read their paragraph as the rest of t he class listened, other members gave new words that they came across and the three questions they had formulated. As they presented their findings I was writing on the blackboard the new words they had encountered, and the questions they had constructed. Together we discussed meanings of these words as pupils tried using them in sentences and checking them out in the dictionary. I noted that discussions were being led in Kiswahili though it was an English lesson.Cummins in McKay (2008) and Ellis stated that the first language (L1) is important because sometimes learners first think in it to make meaning in English. However, the discussion was genuinely lively and everybody tried to participate. It also concurred with Goetz (2002) that different views from learners influence the direction of a lesson creating new learning experiences for both the teacher and the learner. As a class, we discussed the questions on the blackboard then I asked them to write the work in their exercise b ooks, collect and put them on the teachers table.Together we discussed and made a marking criterion on the blackboard. I asked the class prefect to distribute the books to the learners making sure that one did not mark his or her own book. They carefully used the rubric to mark their peers work, then returned them to the owners to check and in case of any complains i moderated and explained to their satisfaction. Finally I gave each a foolscap and asked them to write down what they felt about the new method of assessment. This exercise was mainly to analyze the learners reflections and to evaluate myself as a teacher.ChallengesMy first challenge was the English teacher assigned to me was not co-operative. He was not will to hand over a candidate class to me. I made him understand that my input would be beneficial to his professional development and the students grades. During group work, some learners took it for story telling time. I had a rough time controlling the noise and putti ng them back to focus. The chosen group leaders helped me have order in the groups and ensured participation of all members. Code switching was common as I related with the learners and as they interacted in their discussion groups.It was a challenge because they did not have the confidence to express themselves. Very few picked courage and participated in English. The rest when picked upon would request to speak in Kiswahili. I encouraged them to have confidence and to continue speaking in English because practice makes perfect. The learning environment was not very conducive. The floor was dusty and had pot holes. This was likely to cause health problems and injury. Due to the large class, desks were not enough. Learners shared four or five per deskwhich was quite uncomfortable.I advised the administration to discuss the matter with stakeholders so that the class would be repaired and desks added. This class did not have any teaching learning materials on the walls. They only had text books which were inadequate in a ratio of 15. Sharing was a problem because not all could access them. I advised the teacher that teaching and learning aids helped students to construct knowledge for themselves and develop effective learning strategies, thus laying a solid foundation for life-long learning.I also urged him to improvise teaching aids by using topically available materials for example, carton boxes to write on vocabularies and sentence structures and hang on the walls. I realized that peer assessment can be time eat if practiced in a large class. Grouping learners, discussions, presentations and awarding marks consumed a lot of time which affected the next lesson. Since the school had extra classrooms, I encouraged him to create an extra stream and transfer some learners from 7A and 7B to the new stream if learners were to benefit from this kind of assessment.This is because a class of fifty three was too large putting into consideration the slow learners and l earners with special needs who needed special attention. Conclusion Peer assessment had good impact on the teaching learning process where the learners and I jointly got involved in the assessment process hence owning the entire peer assessment procedures integrated in the lesson. This resulted into purposeful learning where feedback was instant. However, there were some challenges which we jointly addressed with the learners. For PA to be successful, meaningful procedures have to be put in place.References Black, P. &William. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning Assessment in education,principles, policy and practice in Irons, A. (2008). Enhancing learning through formative assessment and feedback. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. Cunning,G. K. (1998). Assessment in the classroom constructing and interpreting tests. London RoutledgeFalmer. Irons, A. (2008). Enhancing learning through formative assessment and feedback. London Routledge. Race, P. , Brown, S. &Smith. (20 06). 500 Tips on assessment (2nd edition). London Routledge. Shepherdson, D.

Being Wasteful

Being Wasteful What universe wasteful means to me is not development what you have or been given in a proper means. When I think of someone being wasteful, I think of someone that gets c naphes and neer takes them and just keeps buying new. some other way I think of being wasteful is by not eating your food that you are given or buy and having to own it away. I also believe you can be wasteful with your finances. The first way I tonus that someone can be wasteful is by buying clothes and neer carrying them. To have a closet or floor full of clothes and to only wear the same three outfits every week is wasteful.My friend Andrea has this habit she will say she has to go buy a new outfit to go to work in. She will then go to the mall, spend hours pickaxe out this outfit, and take it home to put it in her closet and end up never wearing it. She has approximately twenty outfits still with tags on them that she has never worn. After she decides she doesnt want them or wint we ar them, she wont take them post because she states Im dismissal to wear them someday. This to me is just being wasteful. I believe it is wasteful because she is buying clothes she does not motivation, and she is wasting money. Another way I think of being wasteful is with food.If you go spend the money on the groceries you need to cook meals or a dinner, and then decide that you dont want to have it, nevertheless then never do anything with that food and it spoils and you have to throw it out, that is being wasteful. In addition, if you put so much food on your plate and do not eat it and then have to throw it in the trash, that is being wasteful. My daughter Kaytlyn has a very bad habit of thinking she is hungrier than she actually is, and in one case she starts eating before she still gets close to being done, she has to throw part of it away. Then not even an hour later she will want to come ask for a snack.We argue a lot about this I control her to start out with smaller amounts, and then if she is still hungry to go back and get more. Another fount of being wasteful with food is I will derive dinner and have ends in the fridge. After several nights of cooking, we take and have a leftover night, and no one wants to eat the leftovers. I get very aggravated with this, because if no one eats the leftover that means this food is being thrown away, leading to more food and money is being wasted. stick out is being wasteful with money. Being wasteful with money is thinking you have to spend every penny you have just ecause it is there. My son Austin is very bad about being wasteful with his money. He will buy whatever he wants like LED flashing lights for the inside of his truck that he believes makes it look cool, and he will not take a second look at what he may need in the future. He also has the habit of wasting his money on gas. The example I have for this is he will drive to a friends house, then back home to grab something, and then drive ba ck to the same friends house. He would not be being wasteful if when he was ready to leave, he would grab everything he needed for what they had planned.Then when something comes up that he needs money for he never has any and then wants to borrow from me. I tell him all the time, Maybe you should not be so wasteful with your money and put some in the bank account you have. The examples I have described are all ways I feel define being wasteful. I feel buying clothes you do not need, and are never going to wear, wasting food that you cook or put on your plate, and are not going to eat, and spending money just because you have it in your pocket, and not saving any money for future need are all examples of being wasteful.