Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1829 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? In 1980, Congress passed the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (AACWA) in response to the increasing number of children in the foster care system. This legislation required states to make reasonable efforts to avoid removing children from their homes and to reunite families when removal was necessary. Additionally, the AACWA provided financial incentives for adoption when family reunification was not possible. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act" essay for you Create order Then, in 1994 Congress passed the Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA), which prohibited child welfare agencies from delaying or denying adoptive placements on the basis of race but allowed race as a consideration in placement decisions. In response to criticism that this perpetuated attitudes against interracial adoption, MEPA was amended in 1996 to narrow the circumstances in which race may be considered to those in which specific child needs make race important to successful placement. Counselor Considerations Ethical standards. The American Counseling Association has outlined standards of ethical practice for the mandated reporting of child abuse. According to the ACA Code of Ethics section B.2.a: The general requirement that counselors keep information confidential does not apply when disclosure is required to protect clients or identified others from serious and foreseeable harm or when legal requirements demand that confidential information must be revealed. Counselors consult with other professionals when in doubt as to the validity of an exception (American Counseling Association, 2014, p. 7). According to this standard, confidentiality is void when the disclosure of information is necessary to prevent harm to clients or when laws require it, as is the case with the mandated reporting of child abuse. It also specifies that counselors should consult with other professionals if they are unsure as to whether or not a breach of confidentiality is appropriate. The ACA Code of Ethics also addresses ethical record keeping practices as it relates to child abuse cases. Section B.6.h states: Counselors store records following termi nation of services to ensure reasonable future access, maintain records in accordance with federal and state laws and statutes such as licensure laws and policies governing records, and dispose of client records and other sensitive materials in a manner that protects client confidentiality. Counselors apply careful discretion and deliberation before destroying records that may be needed by a court of law, such as notes on child abuse, suicide, sexual harassment, or violence. (American Counseling Association, 2014, p. 8) Not only should counselors adhere to the overarching legal and ethical policies related to record keeping, but they must take extra precaution when handling documentation that may be needed in legal proceedings, such that related to child abuse. Counselors should carefully consider the consequences of destroying these records and use their best judgment in deciding whether or not to do so. Additionally, the ACA Code of Ethics explains that counselors should protect the confidentiality of minor clients in accordance with laws, policies, and relevant ethical standards. Section B.5.a states: When counseling minor clients or adult clients who lack the capacity to give voluntary, informed consent, counselors protect the confidentiality of information received in any medium in the counseling relationship as specified by federal and state laws, written policies, and applicable ethical standards (American Counseling Association, 2014, p. 7). Because counselors must operate in accordance with state and federal laws, they should be aware of the laws specific to the state in which they are practicing. State Laws. While all 50 states have laws mandating healthcare professionals to report suspected child abuse, each states laws contain variations regarding what to report and how to do so. Counselors must be aware of their states laws and procedures when deciding whether breaching confidentiality to file a report is warranted. In Arizona, child abuse is defined as when a parent, guardian or custodian inflicts or allows the infliction of physical, sexual or emotional abuse, neglect, exploitation or abandonment (Arizona Department of Child Safety, 2018, para. 2). According to Arizona Rev. Stat. ? § 13-3620: Any person who reasonably believes that a minor is or has been the victim of physical injury, abuse, child abuse, a reportable offense or neglect that appears to have been inflicted on the minor by other than accidental means or that is not explained by the available medical history as being accidental in nature, or who reasonably believes that there has been a denial or deprivation of necessary medical treatment or surgical care or nourishment with the intent to cause or allow the death of an infant who is protected under A.R.S. ? § 36-2281, shall immediately rep ort or cause reports to be made of this information to a peace officer or to the Department of Child Safety (Arizona Department of Child Safety, 2018, para. 3). The law further specifies that counselors and other healthcare professionals are required to file a report if, over the course of treatment, they develop a reasonable belief that child abuse has occurred. Professionals who report suspected abuse are under no obligation to prove abuse has occurred but are required by law to file a report of any reasonable suspicion of maltreatment to a minor. If the suspected perpetrator is the childs guardian, the report should be made to the police or the Department of Child Safety (DCS). If the child is not in the care of the suspected perpetrator, the report should be made only to the police. When filing a report with DCS through the telephone hotline or online portal, clinicians will be asked to provide the following information: name, age, and gender of the child and family members; address, phone number(s), and/or directions to childs home; parents place of employment; description of suspected abuse or neglect; and current condition of the child (Arizona Department of Child Safety, 2018). Individuals using the online portal will also be asked to provide their own name, professional affiliation, and contact information. Clinicians concerned about retaliatory actions on behalf of the perpetrator should be aware that, according to Rev. Stat. ? § 8-807, DCS will take necessary precautions to protect the identity and safety of the ind ividual filing the report before releasing any information regarding the investigation to the public (Arizona Department of Child Safety, 2018). By law, counselors are not required to inform the childs parents or guardians that a report is being filed. However, Peterson and Urquiza (1993) assert that it is often therapeutically advisable to do so in order to avoid feelings of suspicion, isolation, or betrayal. When sharing this information, clinicians should inform the parents that precautions will be taken throughout the reporting and investigation process to avoid injury or emotional trauma to the child. If the parent is the suspected perpetrator, the clinician can provide the option for the parent to self-report in their presence. However, allowing the parent to self-report does not negate the therapists individual mandate to report the suspected abuse. Informing parents of a report is not advised when there is concern that sharing this information could lead the parent to harm to the child. Clinicians should be attentive to parent factors that could indicate danger to the child, such as appearing psychotic, having poor impulse control, having a history of violent behavior, having substance use issues, or being likely to flee (Peterson Urquiza, 1993). Therapists should attempt to preserve rapport with parents by informing them of the situation when appropriate, but child welfare must a lways be the therapists top priority. The decision to report. Despite the clear legal and ethical guidelines requiring professionals to report suspected abuse, approximately 40% of individuals mandated to report child maltreatment fail to do so at some point during their careers (Alvarez, Kenny, Donohue, Carpin, 2004). To better understand why this occurs, Alvarez, Kenny, Donohue, Carpin (2004) identified four major barriers that professionals encounter when deciding whether to not to file a report of suspected abuse. The first reason that professionals provided for not reporting was a lack of knowledge of both the signs of abuse, especially those of neglect, and reporting procedures. Participants in this study frequently shared that they chose not to report due to a lack of physical evidence. Several clinicians also indicated confusion surrounding mandated reporting requirements and agency-specific policies and procedures. Many also felt as though they were breaching confidentiality in filing a report without complete certainty that abuse had, in fact, taken place. Based on these findings, clinicians should familiarize themselves with the signs of abuse, both physical and behavioral, and should seek out supervision or consultation to ensure that they understand reporting policies and procedures. If counselors are unsure as to whether a breach of confidentiality is warranted, they should seek advice from other mental health practitioners and/or legal professionals. The clinicians in this study als o cited concern about negative consequences for the client as a reason for not reporting. They expressed fear that filing a report would cause further harm to the client, such as by disrupting an already unstable family structure or by placement of the child into a worse living environment. Clinicians also indicated a negative attitude towards child protective agencies as a barrier to reporting. Many expressed concerns that state involvement would place the child at risk of experiencing additional harm due to delays in the investigation or a lack of follow-up. Several clinicians also shared their belief that child protection agencies would not do anything, even if they did file a report. (Alvarez, Kenny, Donohue, Carpin, 2004, p. 566). While these concerns regarding client welfare are valid, clinicians are expected to practice in accordance with state and federal laws mandating the reporting of child abuse. Counselors should continue to advocate for their clients after filing a report to ensure that precautions are taken within the child protection system to protect them from injury or emotional trauma during investigative proceedings. Lastly, clinicians cited concern about negative consequences for themselves as a result of filing a report. Some of these concerns included a fear of physical or legal retaliation from the suspected perpetrator, a loss of rapport with the cli ent or family, or not wanting to be involved in legal proceedings related to the case. Additionally, clinicians may also struggle to acknowledge abuse within families with whom they have built trust and rapport. In case of legal proceedings, clinicians should keep accurate and detailed records of treatment and decision-making and should seek advice from other professionals if they are unsure as to whether confidentiality should be broken. Clinicians must always prioritize child welfare and should seek supervision if personal concerns become a barrier to doing so. In deciding whether to file a report of suspected child abuse, clinicians should familiarize themselves with state laws and agency policies and should be familiar with both physical and behavioral signs of abuse. They should consult with a supervisor, colleagues, and/or legal professionals if they are uncertain as to whether a breach of confidentiality is warranted. Clinicians should remember that child welfare supersedes confidentiality and that they do not need to prove that abuse or neglect as occurred, given that they have reasonable belief. Counselors must always prioritize child welfare and should advocate for their clients th roughout the reporting and investigative process to prevent undue injury or emotional distress.

The Legal Foundation For Humanitarian Intervention Essay

The legal foundation for humanitarian intervention was established in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Prevention of Genocide and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Lecture 11/15/16). Genocide, as decided by the, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they (contracted members) undertake to prevent and to punish (U.N, 1948). Samantha Power in A problem from hell: America and the age of genocide highlights the calamitous intervention in Rwanda by United Nations, thoroughly bringing to light many shortcomings in current understandings and definitions of humanitarian intervention (Power, 2002). As it stands now, the concept of Humanitarian intervention has no standard, completely uncontested definition. Generally, humanitarian intervention involves the use of military forces and an intervention, in the sense that it encompasses intruding in the internal affairs of a sovereign state by sending military forces into a state that never engaged in an act of aggression against another state. (Lecture, 11/15/16). Humanitarian intervention is a convenient label that has been used to describe everything from simple economic aid to military intervention. Because of the superfluity of conventional approaches to intervention, the question is no longer whether countries should intervene militarily, theShow MoreRelatedWhy Have Some American Attempts At Humanitarian Intervention Been Successful And Others Not?987 Words   |  4 PagesWhy have some American attempts at humanitarian intervention been successful and others not? Humanitarian interference positions a hard trial for an international society constructed on the doctrines of sovereignty, intervention, and the use of force. Directly after the holocaust, the society of states recognized the laws prohibiting genocide, forbidding the exploitation of civilians, and identifying plain human rights. These humanitarian values often clash with doctrines of sovereignty. SovereignRead MoreShould States Ever Interfere in the Affairs of Other States?1602 Words   |  7 PagesIs the intervention of one state in the affairs of another ever justified? Do states have a moral duty or a legal right to interfere? Where is the line drawn? This essay will observe some of the answers to these and other questions surrounding the interference of one state in the affairs of others. It will also distinguish between interference and intervention and consider the conflict between these issues and sovereignty. Furthermore, it will examine different types of intervention and p ro- andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Military Intervention In Syria1108 Words   |  5 Pagesfact that there is a relatively higher military risk in Syria than compared to Libya, which is a factor that has influenced the attitude of the international community towards Syria. Lombardo, G 2015, The Responsibility to Protect and the Lack of Intervention in Syria between the Protection of Human Rights and Geopolitical Strategies. The International Journal of Human Rights, vol. 19, no. 8, pp.1190-1198. In this article, Lombardo explores the human right violations in Syria and how the United NationsRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention2282 Words   |  10 Pages Humanitarian intervention is use of force or other sanctions by one state or group of states against another to prevent or stop the denial of the basic human rights of that states citizens. There is no actual definition of humanitarian intervention, only a basic notion of what it entails and the outstanding question of whether the human rights violations in a sovereign state are reason enough for others to intervene. In past wars the majority of casualties were the combatants, but today’sRead MoreEssay on Foreign Politics in the United States of America1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthe government army and rebels has led to allegations that the Syrian government was using chemical weapons to attack in Damascus. These tensions have fuelled gossip of US-led military intervention. However, whether the US should intervene militarily or not has drawn several opinions. Opinion based on humanitarian grounds that urge the president to intervene using military action, is one of them. The proponents argue from the point of view that suffering demands action (Moyn 3). This group believesRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention : Legality And Effect On Sovereignty2298 Words   |  10 Pages Humanitarian Intervention:Legality and Effect on Sovereignty Annel Veloz POLI110A David Foley 25 Nov 2014 Humanitarian Intervention: Legality and Effect on Sovereignty Humanitarian Intervention has been a topic of controversy especially in the last 100 years where the need for intervention has grown. The debate primarily being about whether or not humanitarian intervention is legal and what effect it has on a country’s sovereignty.After much research on this topic a conclusion was drawn thatRead MoreReflection Paper On Human Rights890 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidering humanitarian intervention has failed to tackle the problem on human rights among the less affected people as predicted by using the UN, the NGOs are taking upon the responsibility(Genser, 2014). Hence, state authority is dealing with barriers that prevent it from being useful to its citizens; the UN is additionally going against the humanitarian intervention leaving the non-governmental groups alone to bear with the issue. The principal challenge hence remains the absurdity of the legal governmentRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention with Respect to R2P3241 Words   |  13 Pages AGENDA- HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION WITH RESPECT TO R2P INTRODUCTION The objective of humanitarian intervention is to prevent mass violation of human rights and human dignity. It has remained a compelling issue in international affairs because of its controversial character. Although sovereignty has formed the basis of international relations since the Treaty of Westphalia, events in the 1990s raised the impetus of the international community to place the protection ofRead MoreNato s Justification Of The Security Council2815 Words   |  12 PagesNATO’s 11-week bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in March 1999 was a challenge in the history of the North Atlantic alliance. For the first time, NATO launched an armed intervention outside its borders in order to avert a humanitarian crisis (Solana 1999: 114). The bombing campaign was intended to stop Belgrade’s repression of Kosovo’s Albanian population and to oblige the Milosevic regime to accept NATO’s demands regarding the future political status of Kosovo (WippmanRead MoreInternational Law Changed During Post Wwii New World1576 Words   |  7 Pagesever became the focus of the creation of the laws that would follow from thereon (Orakhelashvili, 2000). The opinions regarding what status and legal position individuals hold in international law vary, as well as what makes up the background and frontiers to formulate their legal position. The shift into the importance and concentration of humanitarian laws has exasperated a system in which the protection of the individual is essential in the development of international rules. The international

Pros and Cons of Reality Tv free essay sample

Does one need to behave badly to succeed or be noticed One mother feels that some of the locally produced shows place unnecessary stress on the lives of the participants akin to ? mice in an experiment. ? In general, parents are in agreement that many of the shows need to rethink the lessons and values that they want the viewer to gain. They also feel very strongly about setting limits as to what scenes can be reasonably shared with the public so they do not appear offensive. They want to emphasize the positive over the negative and use the show as a vehicle for values formation.Curiously, the shows appeal to our dark and voyeuristic side. It? s really a two-edged sword when you think about it. These shows will not rate or prosper if there is no audience that watches it. Though media are powerful and a tool for good (or evil), depending on which way you look at it, the consumer or the viewer can empower himself or herself too, by choosing and being more discerning of the programs they watch. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Reality Tv or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shadow of self Prof. Ronnie Motilla of Miriam College raised a point that was echoed by Dellosa and me; that on the positive side, reality shows can be used in such a way that the program reveals our true selves.Motilla, a clinical psychologist and head of the wellness center at Miriam College, spoke briefly about Carl Jung? s concept of the Shadow, which is everything in us that is unconscious, repressed, undeveloped and denied and which we project unto other people. ?We are driven by our humanness to be authentic persons,? Motilla said. But while reality TV continues to thrive, people need to take greater responsibility of their lives. As in books, the best programs are those that reveal our true selves, and in the process make us better human beings.

The Diesel Engine Making a Comeback Essay Example

The Diesel Engine: Making a Comeback Essay Later in 1987, he made another model that operated at a whopping 75% efficiency (History). This was an incredible achievement because it meant that it could replace the work that steam engines do at a fraction of the cost. Nowadays diesel engine manufacturers are In competition with gasoline engine manufacturers. Diesels are making comeback to the Industry because they are quieter, lighter. More efficient, less polluting and more powerful than ever. Many companies recently have been releasing cars that have ridiculously high MEGS and more power than their gasoline counterparts. The people in the United States Eke the idea of a fuel efficient car, but get turned off when they hear he idea of a diesel car because of their reputation of being loud and stinky. People need to be reeducated because these Well 2 cons have been reversed and you can now own a diesel car that has the perks of a diesel engine while acing Like a gasoline engine (Brain). The Invention of the diesel engine has improved the lives of many people and has gone under many improvements in the last twenty years which has allowed the general public to have a more efficient and cost effective motive of vehicular transportation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Diesel Engine: Making a Comeback specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Diesel Engine: Making a Comeback specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Diesel Engine: Making a Comeback specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To quickly get his idea out to the public, he exposed his engine at the Exhibition Fair In Paris In 1898. The early diesel engines were too large and heavy, because of the Injection pump, to be used for anything but stationary Jobs. This led to them being used in many industrial and shipping areas but also was used in ships and submarines. Ship builders took advantage of the engines efficiency because size did not matter on marine vessels. As the sasss rolled around, a new injection pump design came about that significantly reduced the size of the engine. It was not until 1936 that the diesel engine first appeared In an automobile. Mercedes sold to the arrest a full sized sedan called the Type 26TH. The manufacturer that made the that greatly improved upon the diesel. He owned a diesel engine company, along with an investment banker William Glutton Irwin, that was about to go bankrupt due to the stock market crash of 1929. To assure future investment in his company, he installed a diesel engine in a limousine and took his investor Irwin for a ride. About a year later, he had built a very efficient diesel truck that he drove from coast to coast of the U. S. On only $1 1. 2 worth of fuel. He did this to prove a point that diesel engines are economical and have a place in the automotive industry (History). Since this day, diesel cars have continued to become more and more popular among the public. Later in the sasss, the diesel engines ability to be very fuel efficient led to their popularity during the oil crisis of 1973 and 1978 (Brain ). Gas prices were very expensive for the time and diesel vehicles allowed the public to have more money in their wallets. Unfortunately, Well 3 these cars were not popular for that long, gas prices had went down and nobody wanted to drive them. They were very noisy and Just not as reliable as a diesel car should be. Since the market had a large demand, the manufacturers hurried them to the market and basically converted gasoline engines into diesels (Brain). This lead to them being of inferior quality and ruined the diesel market for the next 25 years until clean diesels came about. The operation of diesel and gas engines are very similar. Both are internal combustion engines that convert chemical energy, diesel fuel, into mechanical and heat energy. The fuel is ignited in both engines, but in different ways, and is inverted into mechanical energy by driving a piston up and down. The pistons are connected to a crankshaft, and the up and down mechanical energy, also known as linear motion, is converted into rotary motion via the crankshaft, which is then used to propel the wheels of a car (Brain). Both diesel engines and gasoline engines covert fuel into energy through a series of small explosions or combustions. The major difference between diesel and gasoline is the way these explosions happen. In a gasoline engine, fuel is mixed with air, compressed by pistons and ignited by sparks from spark plugs. In a diesel engine, however, the air is compressed first, and then the fuel is injected. Because air heats up when its compressed, the fuel ignites. (Brain) Diesels do not use spark plugs to aid in combustion, the heat of the compressed air is what solely explodes the diesel fuel. Another major difference between the two engines is the injection process. Gas engines use indirect fuel injection that allow the fuel to mix with gas before even entering the cylinder. Diesels use direct injection, the diesel fuel is mixed injected directly into the cylinder right before the piston reaches the pop. One of the the most technologically advanced parts of the diesel engine is the injectors. The injectors have to withstand the pressure and heat of the cylinder (Brain). Recently, manufacturers have designed them to inject as little Well 4 fuel as possible while gaining more power and emitting less emissions (Templeton). What makes diesels so much more efficient than the gas engine is the fuel used and the higher compression in the diesel engine. Diesel fuel is a thicker fuel than gas and has the viscosity of thin oil. Gasoline is much thinner and contains less energy per piston stroke. Diesel engines also have about twice the compression of gas engines because the compression is what creates the heat to ignite the fuel. Because of this high compression ratio, diesels are built with stronger materials and a thicker engine block, This makes them suitable for heavy work and all applications in between. On average, a diesel can last about five hundred thousand miles versus a gasoline engine that can last at most two hundred and fifty thousand, but on average about one hundred fifty thousand miles (Brain). The diesel engine tends to rev at lower revolutions per minute than a gas engine, cause the diesel engine is heavier. But this is not a bad thing because they have much higher torque ratings than gas engines. Torque is the power that turns your wheels, horsepower what accelerates a car. This is another reason why diesels are often used to haul heavy loads. The problems with the older diesels are that they could not accelerate quickly (History). Manufacturers realized that adding a turbocharger increased horsepower, efficiency and fuel mileage while decreasing emissions. It Just happened to be one of the largest breakthroughs in the diesel industry. They also produce less smoke from the turbocharger. Most cars and trucks had turbots on them by the early asss. Diesel cars could now accelerate at the rate of most gas cars do, or even faster (Brain). One of the most recent advancements in diesel engine technology is the clean diesel. Diesels without any emissions equipment emit less carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide than gasoline engines. These are the gases that cause global warming. However, diesels do emit higher amounts of nitrogen compounds, which cause acid Well 5 rain. Although, with the new emissions on the clean diesels, they overall pollute less than most gasoline engines (Chiefs). Drivers that enjoy the mileage of the Pries or other hybrid cars would like the mileage and power of a diesel. The problem with most hybrids on the road is that they accelerate slow. Many owners have complained about the slow get-up of their hybrids. A diesel car, such as the Audit AY EDIT, could be the answer to these displeased owners. The Audit AY EDIT has Jaw-dropping 428 foot pounds of torque and 240 horsepower while getting 36 average miles per gallon. With these high power embers, the quietness of the engine, and a high average fuel mileage, the number of diesel cars sold in the United States in 2012 is about 3. % of all car sales. Even though the number sounds small, it is about the same percentage of the number of hybrids sold in 2012. The number of diesels on the road are supposed to double by 2018 (Davies). Heavy duty pick-up trucks are a majority of the sales. Their towing power is what makes them the most popular, along with the excellent fuel economy. The current 2013 F IEF with the 6. 7 L Overstrike has 400 horsepower and 800 foot- mounds of torque, while the gas version has only 385 horsepower and 405 foot- pounds of torque. The better of the two is obviously the diesel, with twenty-five more horsepower and four-hundred more foot-pounds of torque. Using the diesel version of the FIEF allows the owner to haul heavier loads quicker and with less fuel. The fuel economy does not decrease significantly when hauling with a diesel compared to a gas engine that drops drastically (Brain). The invention of the diesel engine has improved the lives of many people and has general public to have a more efficient and cost effective motive of vehicular remonstration.